In this chapter, you will learn to recognize when a client may be in pain by observing signs such as facial expressions, body language, and changes in behaviour. You will also understand the questions to ask a client about their pain and how to document and report it accurately.

You will gain knowledge about oxygen saturation, the instrument used to measure it (pulse oximeter), and the acceptable range of recordings. The chapter will cover how to take and record oxygen saturation levels properly.

Additionally, you will understand body temperature, the normal range, and the different methods of taking it, including the most accurate way. You will learn about heart rate, the acceptable ranges for different age groups, and how to take and record it.

The chapter will also cover respiration, including the normal ranges for different age groups and how to measure and record it. Finally, you will learn about blood pressure, how to take it, the history of Korotkoff sounds, and how to record a blood pressure reading accurately. By the end of this chapter, you will be well-prepared to monitor and report these vital signs effectively.